Test vehicleA spaceplane is an vehicle that can / like an in and maneuver like a in the. To do so, spaceplanes must incorporate features of both aircraft and spacecraft, occupying an intermediate space between the two. Spaceplanes are more like spacecraft, while spaceplanes are more like. All spaceplanes to date have been -powered but then landed as unpowered.Three types of spaceplane have successfully launched to orbit, and: the, and the. Another, is under development. As of 2019 all past, current, and planned orbital vehicles on a. Orbital spaceflight takes place at high velocities, with orbital kinetic energies typically at least 50 times greater than suborbital trajectories.

Consequently, heavy heat shielding is required during as this kinetic energy is shed in the form of heat. Many more spaceplanes, but none have reached flight status.At least three suborbital have been launched horizontally into sub-orbital spaceflight from an airborne before rocketing beyond the: the,.

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Landing of, a crewed orbital spaceplaneSpaceplanes must operate in space, like traditional, but also must be capable of atmospheric flight, like an. These requirements drive up the complexity, risk, dry mass, and cost of spaceplane designs. The following sections will draw heavily on the US Space Shuttle as the biggest, deadliest, most complex, most expensive, most flown, and only crewed orbital spaceplane, but other designs have been successfully flown.Launch to space The flight trajectory required to reach orbit results in significant aerodynamic loads, vibrations, and accelerations, all of which have to be withstood by the vehicle structure. If the launch vehicle suffers a catastrophic malfunction, a conventional capsule spacecraft is propelled to safety by a. The Space Shuttle was far too big and heavy for this approach to be viable, resulting in a that may or may not have been survivable. In any case, the demonstrated that the Space Shuttle lacked survivability on ascent.Space environment Once on-orbit, a spaceplane must be supplied with power by and batteries or, kept in thermal equilibrium, and communicated with. On-orbit thermal and radiological environments impose additional stresses.

This is in addition to accomplishing the task the spaceplane was launched to complete, such as satellite deployment or science experiments.The Space Shuttle used to accomplish orbital maneuvers. These engines used toxic that required special handling precautions. Various gases, including for pressurization and for life support, were stored under high pressure in.Atmospheric reentry.

Spaceplane rear showing rocket engine nozzles, attitude control thrusters, aerodynamic surfaces, and heat shieldingOrbital spacecraft reentering the Earth's atmosphere must shed, resulting in. For example, the (TPS) protects the orbiter's interior structure from surface temperatures that reach as high as 1,650 °C (3,000 °F), well above the melting point of steel. Fly lower energy trajectories that do not put as much stress on the spacecraft thermal protection system.The was the direct result of a TPS failure.Aerodynamic flight and horizontal landing. Must be included at the cost of additional mass.Air-breathing orbital spaceplane concept An air-breathing orbital spaceplane would have to fly what is known as a 'depressed trajectory,' which places the vehicle in the high-altitude hypersonic flight regime of the atmosphere for an extended period of time. This environment induces high dynamic pressure, high temperature, and high heat flow loads particularly upon the surfaces of the spaceplane, requiring exterior surfaces to be constructed from advanced materials and/or use. Orbital spaceplanes. Main article:The Space Shuttle was a crewed partially system operated by as part of the.

Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four crewed orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.

In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the (KSC) in Florida. The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.Shuttle components included the (OV) with three clustered main engines, a pair of recoverable (SRBs), and the expendable (ET) containing. The Space Shuttle was, like a conventional rocket, with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV's three, which were fueled from the ET. The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit, and the ET was jettisoned just before, which used the orbiter's two (OMS) engines. At the conclusion of the mission, the orbiter fired its OMS to de-orbit.

The orbiter then to a runway landing, usually to the at, Florida or in, California. After landing at Edwards, the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the, a specially modified.Buran. Main articles:, andBuran was a reusable project that began in 1974 at the in and was formally suspended in 1993. In addition to being the designation for the whole Soviet/Russian reusable spacecraft project, Buran was also the name given to, which completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988 and was the only Soviet reusable spacecraft to be launched into space.

The Buran-class orbiters used the expendable rocket as a. They are generally treated as a Soviet equivalent of the United States', but in the Buran project, only the airplane-shaped orbiter itself was theoretically reusable. While was recovered successfully after its first orbital flight in 1988, it was never reused.The Buran program was started by the as a response to the United States. The project was the largest and the most expensive in the history of Soviet.

Development work included sending test vehicles on multiple sub-orbital test flights, and atmospheric flights of the aerodynamic prototype. Buran completed one uncrewed orbital spaceflight in 1988 before its cancellation in 1993., which flew the test flight in 1988 was crushed in a hangar collapse on 12 May 2002 in Kazakhstan. The OK-GLI resides in. Although Buran was similar in appearance to 's and similarly re-entered as a spaceplane, its internal and functional design was distinct. For example, the main engines during launch were on the Energia rocket and were not taken into orbit by the spacecraft. Smaller rocket engines on the craft's body provided propulsion in orbit and de-orbital burns.X-37.

Main article:The Boeing X-37, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), is a reusable. It is boosted into space by a, then re-enters Earth's atmosphere and lands as a spaceplane. The X-37 is operated by the for orbital missions intended to demonstrate. It is a 120%-scaled derivative of the earlier.The X-37 began as a project in 1999, before being transferred to the in 2004. It is capable of long duration flights for classified purposes, likely including materials testing.

The X-37 launches atop an. Dream Chaser. Main article:Three piloted suborbital rocket powered aircraft have reached space: the,. All these crafts were not capable of entering orbit and were first lifted to high altitude by a carrier aircraft.On 7 December 2009, and unveiled, along with its atmospheric 'Eve'.

On 13 December 2018 SpaceShipTwo successfully crossed the boundary of.The was an atmospheric prototype of an intended orbital spaceplane, with the suborbital subscale heat shield test vehicle successfully before program cancellation.was a miniaturized suborbital demonstrator launched in 1996, flying to 110 km altitude, achieving, and successfully reentering the. History of unflown concepts.

United States tested the use of a Rogallo wing rather than a parachute. August 1964.Various types of spaceplanes have been suggested since the early twentieth century.

Notable early designs include a spaceplane equipped with wings made of combustible alloys that it would burn during its ascent, and the concept. Germany and considered winged versions of the rocket, and in the 1950s and '60s winged rocket designs inspired artists, filmmakers, and the general public. United States (1950s–2010s) The invested some effort in a paper study of a variety of spaceplane projects under their efforts of the late 1950s, but later reduced the scope of the project.

The result, the, was to have been the first orbital spaceplane, but was canceled in the early 1960s in lieu of 's and the U.S. Air Force's program. In 1961, NASA originally planned to have the land on a with a, rather than an under. The test vehicle became known as the. Development work on both parachutes and the paraglider began in 1963. By December 1963, the parachute was ready to undergo full-scale deployment testing, while the paraglider had run into technical difficulties. Though attempts to revive the paraglider concept persisted within NASA and, in 1964 development was definitively discontinued due to the expense of overcoming the technical hurdles.

Illustration of taking offThe National Aero-Space Plane (NASP), begun in the 1980s, was an attempt to build a scramjet vehicle capable of operating like an aircraft and achieving orbit like the shuttle. Introduced to the public in 1986, the concept was intended to reach Mach 25, enabling flights between Dulles Airport to Tokyo in two hours, while also being capable of low Earth orbit.

Six critical technologies were identified, three relating to the propulsion system, which would consist of a hydrogen-fueled scramjet.The NASP program became the Hypersonic Systems Technology Program (HySTP) in late 1994. HySTP was designed to transfer the accomplishments made in hypersonic flight into a technology development program. On 27 January 1995 the Air Force terminated participation in (HySTP).In 1994, a USAF captain proposed an sized peroxide/kerosene spaceplane called '. It was to take off almost empty and undergo before rocketing to orbit.The was a 1/3 scale prototype made as part of an attempt by NASA to build a SSTO hydrogen-fuelled spaceplane that failed when the hydrogen tank design could not be constructed as intended. On 5 March 2006, published a story purporting to be the 'outing' of a highly classified U.S.

Military spaceplane system with the code name. In 2011, Boeing proposed the X-37C, a 165 to 180 percent scale built to carry up to six passengers to. The spaceplane was also intended to carry cargo, with both and capacity. Soviet Union (1960s–1991). The spaceplane is designed as a two-engine, 'tailless' aircraft, which is fitted with a steerableA private, United Kingdom-based project initiated by the lead engineer, is a vehicle with a called. This vehicle is intended to be capable of carrying a 15,000 kg (33,000 lb) payload into.

European Union A test project, the (IXV), has demonstrated lifting reentry technologies and will be extended under the.The Future High-Altitude High Speed Transport 20XX aims to establish sound technological foundations for the introduction of advanced concepts in suborbital high-speed transportation with air-launch-to-orbit ALPHA vehicle.The Daimler-Chrysler Aerospace RLV is a small reusable spaceplane prototype for the ESA /FLTP program. Is the most recent project.

Winged Reusable Sounding Rocket As of 2018, Japan is developing the (WIRES), which if successful, may be used as a recoverable first-stage or as a crewed sub-orbital spaceplane. India As of 2016, the is developing a launch system named the (RLV). It is India's first step towards realizing a. A space plane serves as the second stage. The plane is expected to have air-breathing engines as well as rocket engines.

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