Demonstrative Adjectives

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Demonstratives (abbreviatedDEM) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are typically deictic; their meaning depending on a particular frame of reference and cannot be understood without context. Demonstratives are often used in spatial deixis (where the speaker or sometimes the listener are to provide context), but also in intra-discourse reference (including abstract concepts) or anaphora, where the meaning is dependent on something other than the relative physical location of the speaker, for example whether something is currently being said or was said earlier.

The demonstrative adjectives this/that/these/those, which may also be pronouns, tell us where an object is located and how many objects there are. This and that are used to point to one object. Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative determiners, which qualify nouns (as in Put that coat on); and demonstrative.

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Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative determiners, which qualify nouns (as in Put that coat on); and demonstrative pronouns, which stand independently (as in Put that on). The demonstratives in English are this, that, these, those, and the archaic yon and yonder, along with this one or that one as substitutes for the pronoun use of this or that.

Distal and proximal demonstratives[edit]

Many languages, such as English and Chinese, make a two-way distinction between demonstratives. Typically, one set of demonstratives is proximal, indicating objects close to the speaker (English this), and the other series is distal, indicating objects further removed from the speaker (English that).

Other languages, like Nandi, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Armenian, Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Georgian, Basque, Korean, Japanese and Old English make a three-way distinction.[1] Typically there is a distinction between proximal or first person (objects near to the speaker), medial or second person (objects near to the addressee), and distal or third person[2] (objects far from both). So for example, in Portuguese:

  • Esta maçã
'this apple'
  • Essa maçã
'that apple (near you)'
  • Aquela maçã
'that apple (over there, away from both of us)'[note 1]

Further oppositions are created with place adverbs.

  • Essa maçã aqui
'this apple (next to me or next to you-and-me)'
  • Essa maçã aí
'that apple (next to you)'
  • Aquela maçã ali
'that apple (close to you-and-me)'
  • Aquela maçã lá
'that apple (which is far from you-and-me or is in another distant place from you-and-me)'

in Italian:

  • Questa mela
'this apple'
  • Codesta mela
'that apple (near you)'
  • Quella mela
'that apple (over there, away from both of us)'

in Armenian (based on the proximal 's', medial 'd/t', and distal 'n'):

  • այս խնձորը
ays khndzorë
'this apple'
  • այդ խնձորը
ayd khndzorë
'that apple (near you)'
  • այն խնձորը
ayn khndzorë
'that apple (over there, away from both of us)'

and, in Georgian:

  • ამისი მამა
amisi mama
'this one's father'
  • იმისი ცოლი
imisi coli
'that one's wife'
  • მაგისი სახლი
magisi saxli
'that (by you) one's house'

and, in Ukrainian (note that Ukrainian has not only number, but also three grammatical genders in singular):

  • цей чоловік, ця жінка, це яблуко, ці яблука
'this man', 'this woman', 'this apple', 'these apples'
  • той чоловік, та жінка, те яблуко, ті яблука
'that man', 'that woman', 'that apple', 'those apples'
  • он той чоловік, он та жінка, он те яблуко, он ті яблука
'that man (over there, away from both of us)', 'that woman (over there, away from both of us)', 'that apple (over there, away from both of us)', 'those apples (over there, away from both of us)'

and, in Japanese:

  • このリンゴ
kono ringo
'this apple'
  • そのリンゴ
sono ringo
'that apple'
  • あのリンゴ
ano ringo
'that apple (over there)'

In Nandi (Kalenjin of Kenya, Uganda and Eastern Congo):

Chego chu, Chego choo, Chego chuun

'this milk', 'that milk' (near the second person) and 'that milk' (away from the first and second person, near a third person or even further away).

Ancient Greek has a three-way distinction between ὅδε (hóde 'this here'), οὗτος (hoûtos 'this'), and ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos 'that').

Spanish, Tamil and Seri also make this distinction. French has a two-way distinction, with the use of postpositions '-ci' (proximal) and '-là' (distal) as in cet homme-ci and cet homme-là, as well as the pronouns ce and cela/ça. English has an archaic but occasionally used three-way distinction of this, that, and yonder.

Arabic has also a three-way distinction in its formal Classical and Modern Standard varieties. Very rich, with more than 70 variants, the demonstrative pronouns in Arabic principally change depending on the gender and the number. They mark a distinction in number for singular, dual, and plural. For example :

  • هذا الرجل (haːðaː arrajul) 'this man'.
  • ذاك الرجل (ðaːka arrajul) 'that man'.
  • ذلك الرجل (ðaːlika arrajul) 'that man' (over there).

In Modern German (and the Scandinavian languages), the non-selective deictic das Kind, der Kleine, die Kleine and the selective one das Kind, der Kleine, die Kleine are homographs, but they are spoken differently. The non-selective deictics are unstressed whereas the selective ones (demonstratives) are stressed. There is a second selective deictic, namely dieses Kind, dieser Kleine, diese Kleine. Distance either from the speaker or from the addressee is either marked by the opposition between these two deictics or by the addition of a place deictic.

Distance-marking Thing Demonstrative

dieses Mädchen ~ das Mädchen
'this girl' ~ 'that girl'

Thing Demonstrative plus Distance-marking Place Demonstrative

das Mädchen hier ~ das Mädchen da
dieses Mädchen hier ~ dieses Mädchen da
'this girl here' ~ 'that girl over there'

A distal demonstrative exists in German, cognate to the English yonder, but it is used only in formal registers.[3]

jenes Mädchen
'yonder girl'

There are languages which make a four-way distinction, such as Northern Sami:

  • Dát biila
'this car'
  • Diet biila
'that car (near you)'
  • Duot biila
'that car (over there, away from both of us but rather near)'
  • Dot biila
'that car (over there, far away)'

These four-way distinctions are often termed proximal, mesioproximal, mesiodistal, and distal.

Many non-European languages make further distinctions; for example, whether the object referred to is uphill or downhill from the speaker, whether the object is visible or not (as in Malagasy), and whether the object can be pointed to as a whole or only in part. The Eskimo–Aleut languages,[4] and the Kiranti branch[5] of the Sino-Tibetan language family are particularly well known for their many contrasts.

The demonstratives in Seri are compound forms based on the definite articles (themselves derived from verbs) and therefore incorporate the positional information of the articles (standing, sitting, lying, coming, going) in addition to the three-way spatial distinction. This results in a quite elaborated set of demonstratives.

Demonstrative series in other languages[edit]

Latin had several sets of demonstratives, including hic, haec, hoc ('this near me'); iste, ista, istud ('that near you'); and ille, illa, illud ('that over there') – note that Latin has not only number, but also three grammatical genders. The third set of Latin demonstratives (ille, etc.), developed into the definite articles in most Romance languages, such as el, la, los, las in Spanish, and le, la, les in French.

With the exception of Romanian, and some varieties of Spanish and Portuguese, the neuter gender has been lost in the Romance languages. Spanish and Portuguese have kept neuter demonstratives:

Spanish Portuguese gender
esteestemasculine
estaestafeminine
estoistoneuter

Some forms of Spanish (Caribbean Spanish, Andalusian Spanish, etc.) also occasionally employ ello, which is an archaic survival of the neuter pronoun from Latin illud.[citation needed]

Neuter demonstratives refer to ideas of indeterminate gender, such as abstractions and groups of heterogeneous objects, and has a limited agreement in Portuguese, for example, 'all of that' can be translated as 'todo aquele' (m), 'toda aquela' (f) or 'tudo aquilo' (n) in Portuguese, although the neuter forms require a masculine adjective agreement: 'Tudo (n) aquilo (n) está quebrado (m)' (All of that is broken).

Classical Chinese had three main demonstrative pronouns: proximal (this), distal (that), and distance-neutral (this or that).[6] The frequent use of as a resumptive demonstrative pronoun that reasserted the subject before a noun predicate caused it to develop into its colloquial use as a copula by the Han period and subsequently its standard use as a copula in Modern Standard Chinese.[6] Modern Mandarin has two main demonstratives, proximal / and distal ; its use of the three Classical demonstratives has become mostly idiomatic,[7] although continues to be used with some frequency in modern written Chinese. Cantonese uses proximal and distal instead of and , respectively.

Hungarian has two spatial demonstratives: ez (this) and az (that). These inflect for number and case even in attributive position (attributes usually remain uninflected in Hungarian) with possible orthographic changes; e.g., ezzel (with this), abban (in that). A third degree of deixis is also possible in Hungarian, with the help of the am- prefix: amaz (that there). The use of this, however, is emphatic (when the speaker wishes to emphasize the distance) and not mandatory.

The Cree language has a special demonstrative for 'things just gone out of sight,' and Ilocano, a language of the Philippines, has three words for this referring to a visible object, a fourth for things not in view and a fifth for things that no longer exist.'[8] The Tiriyó language has a demonstrative for 'things audible but non-visible'[9]

While most languages and language families have demonstrative systems, some have systems highly divergent from or more complex than the relatively simple systems employed in Indo-European languages. In Yupik languages, notably in the Chevak Cup’ik language, there exists a 29-way distinction in demonstratives, with demonstrative indicators distinguished according to placement in a three-dimensional field around the interlocutor(s), as well as by visibility and whether or not the object is in motion.[10]

Demonstrative determiners and pronouns[edit]

It is relatively common for a language to distinguish between demonstrative determiners or demonstrative adjectives (sometimes also called determinative demonstratives, adjectival demonstratives or adjectival demonstrative pronouns) and demonstrative pronouns (sometimes called independent demonstratives, substantival demonstratives, independent demonstrative pronouns or substantival demonstrative pronouns).

A demonstrative determiner modifies a noun:

This apple is good.
I like those houses.

A demonstrative pronoun stands on its own, replacing rather than modifying a noun:

This is good.
I like those.

There are five demonstrative pronouns in English: this, that, these, those,[11] and the less common yon or yonder (the latter is usually employed as a demonstrative determiner; even so it is rarely used in most dialects of English, although it persists in some dialects such as Southern American English).[12] Author Bill Bryson laments the 'losses along the way' of yon and yonder:

Today we have two demonstrative pronouns, this and that, but in Shakespeare's day there was a third, yon (as in the Milton line 'Him that yon soars on golden wing'), which suggested a further distance than that. You could talk about this hat, that hat, and yon hat. Today the word survives as a colloquial adjective, yonder, but our speech is fractionally impoverished for its loss.[12]

Demonstrative adverbs[edit]

Many languages have sets of demonstrative adverbs that are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in a language. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun that are the adverbs such as then (= 'at that time'), there (= 'at that place'), thither (= 'to that place'), thence (= 'from that place'); equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are now, here, hither, hence. A similar relationship exists between the interrogative pronounwhat and the interrogative adverbswhen, where, whither, whence. See pro-form for a full table.

Discourse deixis[edit]

Juice cubes level 125. As mentioned above, while the primary function of demonstratives is to provide spatial references of concrete objects (that (building), this (table)), there is a secondary function: referring to items of discourse. For example:

This sentence is short.
This is what I mean: I am happy with him.
That way of looking at it is wrong.
I said her dress looked hideous. She didn't like that.

In the above, this sentence refers to the sentence being spoken, and the pronoun this refers to what is about to be spoken; that way refers to 'the previously mentioned way', and the pronoun that refers to the content of the previous statement. These are abstract entities of discourse, not concrete objects. Each language may have subtly different rules on how to use demonstratives to refer to things previously spoken, currently being spoken, or about to be spoken. In English, that (or occasionally those) refers to something previously spoken, while this (or occasionally these) refers to something about to be spoken (or, occasionally, something being simultaneously spoken).[citation needed]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^In Brazilian Portuguese 'este' (this) is sometimes reduced to 'es'e', making it sound like 'esse' (that).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Kordić, Snježana (2002). 'Demonstrativpronomina in den slavischen Sprachen' [Demonstrative pronouns in the Slavic languages] (PDF). In Symanzik, Bernhard; Birkfellner, Gerhard; Sproede, Alfred (eds.). Die Übersetzung als Problem sprach- und literaturwissenschaftlicher Forschung in Slavistik und Baltistik: Beiträge zu einem Symposium in Münster 10./11. Mai 2001. Studien zur Slavistik ; vol. 1 (in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. pp. 89–91. ISBN3-8300-0714-0. OCLC55730212. SSRN3434530. CROSBI 447083. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  2. ^Manosso, Radamés. 'Demonstrativos'. Gramática Descritiva (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  3. ^Hopkins, Edwin A.; Jones, Randall L. (Spring 1972). ''Jener' in Modern Standard German'. Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German. American Association of Teachers of German. 5 (1): 15–27. doi:10.2307/3529001. JSTOR3529001.
  4. ^Steven A. Jacobson (1984). 'Central Yup'ik and the Schools'. University of Alaska Anchorage Institute of Social and Economic Research. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
  5. ^Balthasar Bickel (1998). 'A short introduction to Belhare and its speakers'. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  6. ^ abPulleyblank, Edwin G. (1995). Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN0-7748-0541-2.
  7. ^Yip, Po-Ching; Rimmington, Don (2004). Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge. ISBN0-415-15032-9.
  8. ^Bryson (1990, p. 64), citing Pell, Mario (1949). The Story of Language. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
  9. ^Carlin, Eithne B. 'A Grammar of Trio: A Cariban Language of Suriname'(PDF). eithnecarlin.nl.
  10. ^Woodbury, Anthony C. (February 2004). 'Morphological Orthodoxy in Yupik-Inuit'. Proceedings of the Berekley Language Society 30: Special Session on the Morphology of Native American Languages. 30 (2): 151–171. doi:10.3765/bls.v30i2.906. ISSN2377-1666.
  11. ^'Demonstrative Pronouns'. US English. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  12. ^ abBryson, Bill (1990). The Mother Tongue: English & How it Got that Way. New York: William Morrow. pp. 63–64. ISBN0-688-07895-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links[edit]

  • Demonstratives & Indexicals at Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demonstrative&oldid=951247067'

Also found in: Thesaurus, Legal, Wikipedia.

de·mon·stra·tive

(dĭ-mŏn′strə-tĭv)adj.
2. Involving or characterized by demonstration.
3. Given to or marked by the open expression of emotion: an affectionate and demonstrative family.
4. Grammar Specifying or singling out the person or thing referred to: the demonstrative pronouns these and that.
n.Grammar
de·mon′stra·tive·ly adv.

demonstrative

(dɪˈmɒnstrətɪv) adj
1. tending to manifest or express one's feelings easily or unreservedly
3. involving or characterized by demonstration: a demonstrative lecture.
4. conclusive; indubitable: demonstrative arguments.
5. (Grammar) grammar denoting or belonging to a class of determiners used to point out the individual referent or referents intended, such as this, that, these, and those. Compare interrogative, relative
n
(Grammar) grammar a demonstrative word or construction
deˈmonstrativenessn

de•mon•stra•tive

(dəˈmɒn strə tɪv)
adj.
1. characterized by or given to open exhibition or expression of one's emotions, attitudes, etc., esp. of love or affection.
2. serving to demonstrate; explanatory or illustrative.
3. serving to prove the truth of anything; conclusive.
4. indicating or singling out the thing referred to. This is a demonstrative pronoun.
n.
[1350–1400; < Latin]
de•mon′stra•tive•ness,n.
Noun1.demonstrative - a pronoun that points out an intended referent
pronoun - a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase
Adj.1.demonstrative - given to or marked by the open expression of emotion; 'an affectionate and demonstrative family'
unreserved - not cautious or reticent; 'unreserved behavior'
undemonstrative - not given to open expression of emotion
2.demonstrative - serving to demonstrate
instructive, informative - serving to instruct or enlighten or inform

demonstrative

adjective
1.open, loving, emotional, affectionate, expressive, gushing, expansive, unrestrained, effusive, unreservedHe was not normally demonstrative but he gave her a hug.
openreserved, contained, cold, formal, distant, stiff, restrained, aloof, impassive, unresponsive, unemotional, undemonstrative, unaffectionate
2.indicative, symptomatic, illustrative, expository, evinciveHis latest paintings were demonstrative of his technical ability.
3.convincing, powerful, impressive, credible, plausible, persuasive, conclusive, cogent, incontrovertiblea demonstrative argument for euthanasia
påpekende

demonstrative

[dɪˈmɒnstrətɪv]A.ADJ
1. [person] → expresivo
not very demonstrative
2.to be demonstrative of sth (= illustrative) → demostrar algo
B.Ndemostrativom

demonstrative

[dɪˈmɒnstrətɪv]adj [person] → démonstratif/ive

demonstrative

demonstrative

[dɪˈmɒnstrətɪv]adj (person) → espansivo/a (Gram) → dimostrativo/a

demonstrate

(ˈdemənstreit) verb
1. to show clearly. This demonstrates his ignorance of the situation. wys, demonstreer يُظْهِر، يُبَرْهِن показвам demonstrar ukázat beweisen vise; demonstrere δείχνω καθαρά demostrar näitama نشان دادن؛ آشکار کردن esittää démontrer לְהוֹכִיח प्रदर्शन करना prikazati, pokazati (be)bizonyít menunjukkan færa heim sanninn um, sÿna dimostrare 証明する 논증하다 (pa)rodyti skaidri parādīt menunjukkan aantonendemonstrere, bevise, vise wykazywać څرګندول، ښكار ه كول، ثابتول، په عملى تو ګه شريح كول، مظاهره كول، تمثيلول demonstrar a demonstra иллюстрировать ukázať kazati jasno pokazati bevisa, visa, demonstrera แสดงให้เห็น göstermek 示範,表演 демонструвати واضح طور پر اظہار کرنا chứng minh 示范,表演
2. to show how something works or is done. He demonstrated how the new vacuum cleaner worked. verduidelik, demonstreer يَعْرِض، يُبَيِّن показвам demonstrar předvést vorführen vise; demonstrere επιδεικνύω hacer una demostración de demonstreerima نشان دادن näyttää faire une démonstration de לְהַדגִים दिखाना demonstrirati bemutat, szemléltet memperagakan sÿna notkun fare la dimostrazione di 実演する 설명하다 rodyti, demonstruoti demonstrēt memperagakan de werking tonen van demonstrere, visedemonstrować ښكار ه كول demonstrar a face o de­mon­straţie/o probă демонстрировать predviesť prikazati demonstrirati demonstrera, förevisa สาธิต açıklamak, göstermek 示範 демонструвати; показувати عملا واضح کرنا giải thích 示范,演示
3. to express an opinion (usually political) by marching, showing banners etc in public. A crowd collected to demonstrate against the new taxes. betoog يَتَظاهَر демонстрирам manifestar-se demonstrovat demonstrieren demonstrere διαδηλώνωmanifestarse meelt avaldama تظاهرات کردن ilmaista manifester לְהַפגִין आंदोलन करना prosvjedovati tüntet, demonstrál berdemonstrasi, unjuk rasa mótmæla manifestare デモをする 시위를 하다 demonstruoti piedalīties demonstrācijā menunjuk perasaan demonstrerendemonstreredemonstrować مظاهره كول manifestar-se a manifesta, a demonstra участвовать в демонстрации demonštrovať demonstrirati demonstrirati demonstrera เดินขบวน gösteri yapmak 示威 брати участь у демонстрації مظاہرہ کر کے رائے ظاہر کرنا biểu tình 示威
ˌdemonˈstration noun
1. a display or exhibition (of how something works etc). I'd like a demonstration of this dishwasher. demonstrasie عَرْض، بَرْهَنَه демонстрация demonstração předvádění die Vorführung demonstration; forevisning επίδειξηdemostración demonstratsioon نمایش طرز کار esittely démonstrationהדגמה नुमाइश demonstracija szemléltetés, bemutatás peragaan sÿnikennsla dimostrazione 実物宣伝 설명 demonstravimas demonstrēšana peragaan demonstratiedemonstrasjon, visningpokaz ، ښكار ه كول، ثابتول، په عملى تو ګه شريح كول demonstração probă, demon­straţie демонстрирование predvedenie prikaz demonstracija demonstration, förevisning การสาธิต uygulama, gösteri 表演,示範 демонстрування کسی چیز کے استعمال کے طریقے کو عملا کر کے دکھانا sự trình diễn 表演,演示
2. (also ˈdemo (ˈdemou) plural ˈdemos) a public expression of opinion by holding meetings and processions, showing placards etc. betoging مُظاهَرَه демонстрация manifestação demonstrace die Demonstration demonstration διαδήλωσηmanifestación meeleavaldus تظاهرات mielenosoitus manifהפגנה निरूपण prosvjed tüntetés, demonstráció demonstrasi mótmælafundur manifestazione デモ 시위 demonstracija demonstrācija tunjuk perasaan demonstratiedemonstrasjondemonstracja مظاهره manifestação mani­fes­taţie, demonstraţie демонстрация demonštrácia demonstracija demonstracija demo, provinspelning การเดินขบวน gösteri, miting 示威 демонстрація مظاہرہ cuộc biểu tình 示威
ˈdemonstrator noun
1. a person who takes part in a public demonstration. betoger, demonstreerder مَتَظاهِر демонстрант manifestante demonstrant der/die Demonstrant(in) demonstrant διαδηλωτήςmanifestante meeleavaldaja تظاهر کننده mielenosoittaja manifestant/-ante מפגין प्रदर्शक, निर्देशक prosvjednik tüntető demonstran mótmælandi dimostrante デモ参加者 시위 참가자 demonstrantas demonstrants penunjuk perasaan demonstrantdemonstrant demonstrant مظاهره کوونکی manifestante manifestant, de­monstrant демонстрант demonštrant, -ka demonstrant demonstrator demonstrant ผู้เดินขบวน gösterici 示威者 демонстрант, учасник демонстрації مظاہرے شریک ہونے والا شخص người biểu tình 示威者
2. a teacher or assistant who helps students with practical work. assistent, demonstreerder مُعيد، مُعَلِّم مُساعِد асистент monitor demonstrátor der Vorführer hjælpelærer; assistent βοηθός καθηγητή auxiliar assistent دستیار avustaja préparateur/-trice מדגים व्याख्याता demonstrator tanársegéd pembimbing sÿnikennari assistente 実習教員・助手 실습 조수 praktikos vadovas, asistentas demonstrētājs; asistents pembimbing assistenthjelpelærer, assistentasystent مرستیال monitor preparator, asistent демонстратор demonštrátor demonstrator demonstrator lärar-, elevassistent ครู; ผู้สาธิต uygulama öğretmeni 輔導教師 демонстратор, асистент професора طلبا کو عملی مظاہرہ کے ذریعہ تعلیم دینے والا استاد thuyết minh 辅导教师
demonstrative adjective, pronoun any one of the words this, *that, *these or those
aanwysende voornaamwoord ضَمير أو صِفَة الإشارَه показателно прилагателно / местоимение demonstrativo ukazovací zájmeno Demonstrativpronomen påpegende stedord; demonstrativt pronomen δεικτικό επίθετο, αντωνυμίαdemostrativo näitav asesõna اشاره avomielinen adjectif/pronom démonstratif כִּינוּי רוֹמֵז भावप्रदर्शक, निश्चयवाचक demonstrativan mutató névmás kata penunjuk ábendingarfornafn assistente 指示形容詞・代名詞 (감정을) 노골적으로 나타내는, 설명적인 parodomasis ávardis norādāmais vietniekvārds menunjukkan aanwijzend bijvoeglijk naamwoord, voornaamwoord påpekende adjektiv/pronomen przymiotnik/zaimek wskazujący ثابتوونكى، مدلل، (ګر) اشارى صفت يا اشارى ضمير demonstrativo adjectiv/ pronume demonstrativ указательное местоимение ukazovacie zámeno kazalni pridevnik/zaimek pokazne zamenice demonstrativt adjektiv/pronomen คำบ่งชี้ işaret sıfatı 指示形容(代名)詞 вказівний прикметник/займенник اسماء اشارہ tính từ/danh từ chỉ định 指示形容(代名)词

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